The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, stands as a cornerstone of the nation’s democracy, born out of the struggle against apartheid. Its roots trace back to the negotiations and compromises of the early 1990s, which sought to dismantle the oppressive regime and build a new, inclusive society. It was crafted through a collaborative effort involving diverse stakeholders, the Constitution reflects the aspirations and values of the South African people.

Purpose of the Constitution

The Constitution serves as the supreme law of the land, providing a framework for governance and safeguarding the rights and freedoms of all citizens. It establishes the foundational principles of human dignity, equality, and the rule of law, guiding the nation towards a future of justice and prosperity. It is internationally acclaimed for its progressive approach to democracy and social justice, the Constitution of South Africa stands as a beacon of hope and inspiration for nations around the

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Amendments to the Constitution

Approval and Effectiveness

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, marks a significant milestone in the nation’s history, representing the culmination of years of struggle and negotiation for democracy and equality.

Approved by the Constitutional Court on December 4, 1996, the Constitution officially took effect on February 4, 1997, ushering in a new era for the country. This approval process underscored the commitment of South Africa to the principles of justice, freedom, and human rights, as enshrined in the document.

The Constitution’s effectiveness lies in its role as the supreme law of the land, serving as the foundation upon which the entire legal system of the country is built. It establishes the framework for the functioning of government institutions, delineates the rights and responsibilities of citizens, and provides mechanisms for the protection and enforcement of these rights. As such, no other law or government action can supersede the provisions of the Constitution, ensuring its paramount importance in the governance of the nation.

Since its adoption, the Constitution of South Africa has played a pivotal role in shaping the country’s trajectory, guiding its transition from a divided past to a more inclusive and equitable future.

Its provisions have been invoked in numerous legal cases, serving as a bulwark against injustice and discrimination. Moreover, the Constitution has contributed to South Africa’s international standing, earning acclaim for its progressive approach to constitutionalism and its commitment to democratic values.

Significance and Global Acclaim

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, holds immense significance both domestically and on the global stage, serving as a beacon of hope for democracy and human rights worldwide.

Domestic Significance:

The Constitution embodies the values and aspirations of the South African people, reflecting their collective struggle for freedom, equality, and justice. It establishes the framework for a democratic society based on the principles of human dignity, equality before the law, and the protection of fundamental rights. Through its provisions, the Constitution seeks to redress the injustices of the past, promote social cohesion, and build a society based on non-racialism and non-sexism. Moreover, the Constitution empowers citizens to hold government accountable, ensuring transparency, accountability, and responsiveness in governance.

Global Acclaim

the Constitution of South Africa is hailed as one of the most progressive and visionary constitutional documents in the world. Its inclusive approach to democracy, social justice, and human rights has earned admiration from scholars, jurists, and activists globally.

The Constitution’s emphasis on reconciliation, diversity, and respect for minority rights serves as a model for countries grappling with issues of post-conflict reconciliation and nation-building. Furthermore, it has inspired constitutional reform efforts in other countries, influencing constitutional drafting processes and serving as a reference point for constitutional interpretation and jurisprudence.

The Constitution’s commitment to the rule of law and the protection of individual freedoms has contributed to South Africa’s reputation as a stable democracy and a champion of human rights on the international stage.

Adoption, Promulgation, and Amendments

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, underwent a meticulous process of adoption, promulgation, and subsequent amendments, shaping its evolution and resilience over time.

Adoption:

The Constitution was approved by the Constitutional Court (CC) on 4 December 1996, marking a historic moment in South Africa’s transition to democracy.
It was adopted through a participatory and consultative process, involving various stakeholders, including political parties, civil society organizations, and the general public.
The adoption of the Constitution symbolized the culmination of years of struggle against apartheid and the dawn of a new era characterized by democracy, equality, and human rights.

Promulgation:

The Constitution was promulgated on 18 December 1996, signifying its official entry into force as the supreme law of the land.
Its promulgation heralded a new chapter in South Africa’s constitutional journey, laying the foundation for a democratic and inclusive society based on the rule of law and respect for human rights.

Amendments:

Since its promulgation, the Constitution has undergone several amendments to address emerging challenges and refine its provisions.
Amendments to the Constitution have been made through a formal legislative process, involving parliamentary debate, public consultation, and, in some cases, approval by the Constitutional Court.
These amendments reflect the dynamic nature of constitutional governance and the responsiveness of South Africa’s legal framework to changing societal needs and aspirations.

The Constitution has been amended in various years, including 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2012, and 2013, each amendment contributing to the ongoing evolution and consolidation of South Africa’s constitutional democracy.

Structure of the Constitution

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, is a comprehensive document that outlines the structure, principles, and fundamental rights of the country’s legal framework. Its structure is designed to provide clarity, coherence, and accessibility to all citizens, ensuring a robust foundation for democratic governance and the protection of human rights.

Preamble

The Constitution begins with a preamble that sets out the foundational values and aspirations of the South African people. It affirms the commitment to democracy, equality, and justice, and acknowledges the injustices of the past while striving to build a society based on dignity, freedom, and equality.

Chapters of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa

The Constitution is divided into chapters, each addressing specific aspects of governance, rights, and institutions. These chapters include:

Chapter 1: Founding Provisions, which establishes the Republic of South Africa as a sovereign state founded on democratic values, human rights, and the rule of law.

Chapter 2: Bill of Rights, which enshrines the fundamental rights and freedoms of all individuals in South Africa, including civil, political, and socio-economic rights.

Chapter 3: Co-operative Government, which outlines the principles and mechanisms for cooperation between different spheres of government, ensuring effective service delivery and governance.

Chapter 4: Parliament, which delineates the structure, powers, and functions of the national legislature, including the National Assembly and the National Council of Provinces.

Chapter 5: The President and National Executive, which defines the role and powers of the President, the Executive Council, and other executive bodies.

Chapter 6: Provinces, which establishes the structure and functions of provincial governments, ensuring decentralization and regional autonomy.

Chapter 7: Local Government, which outlines the principles and institutions of local government, promoting grassroots democracy and community participation.

Chapter 8: Courts and Administration of Justice, which establishes the judiciary and outlines its independence, jurisdiction, and role in upholding the rule of law.

Chapter 9: State Institutions Supporting Constitutional Democracy, which establishes independent bodies such as the Human Rights Commission and the Public Protector to safeguard democracy and human rights.

Chapter 10: Public Administration, which sets out principles for efficient, transparent, and accountable public administration, promoting good governance and ethical conduct.

Chapter 11: Security Services, which governs the conduct and oversight of the country’s security forces, ensuring civilian control and respect for human rights.

Chapter 12: Traditional Leaders, which recognizes the role of traditional leadership within the constitutional framework, promoting cultural diversity and traditional governance.

Chapter 13: Finance, which outlines the principles and procedures for fiscal management, ensuring transparency, accountability, and responsible financial governance.

Schedules:

The Constitution includes schedules that provide additional details and supplementary provisions on various matters, such as the national flag, oaths and affirmations, election procedures, functional areas of legislative competence, transitional arrangements, and laws repealed.

Fundamental Rights and Directives

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, includes a comprehensive framework for protecting and promoting fundamental rights and directive principles, ensuring the dignity, equality, and well-being of all individuals within the country.

This section highlights the key provisions related to fundamental rights and directives as enshrined in the Constitution:

Bill of Rights (Chapter 2)

The Bill of Rights is a cornerstone of the Constitution, guaranteeing a wide range of civil, political, and socio-economic rights to all individuals in South Africa. These rights include:

Equality before the law and non-discrimination on various grounds, such as race, gender, sex, pregnancy, marital status, age, disability, religion, culture, and language.
The right to life, dignity, and freedom from torture, cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment.
Freedom of expression, assembly, association, religion, belief, and opinion, as well as the right to access information held by the state.
Socio-economic rights, including the right to housing, healthcare, food, water, social security, education, and a clean environment.
Labour rights, such as the right to fair labour practices, just and favourable conditions of work, and the right to form and join trade unions.
Children’s rights, including the right to a name and nationality, basic nutrition, shelter, healthcare services, and protection from abuse and exploitation.

Directive Principles of State Policy

The Constitution also includes directive principles that guide the state in its policies and actions towards achieving social justice, equality, and inclusive development. These principles include:

The promotion of equality and the protection of human dignity, with legislative protection against unfair discrimination.
The right to access to sufficient food and water, healthcare services, social security, and a safe and healthy environment.
The recognition and protection of indigenous peoples’ rights, including the institution, status, and role of traditional leadership according to customary law.
The obligation of the state to take reasonable legislative and other measures to foster conditions enabling access to land on an equitable basis and to address past racially discriminatory laws and practices.
The promotion of gender equality and the protection, development, and attainment of gender equality, with the establishment of institutions like the Commission for Gender Equality to advance these objectives.

Implementation and Enforcement

The implementation and enforcement of fundamental rights and directive principles are essential for upholding the rule of law and ensuring the effective protection of individuals’ rights and well-being. Various mechanisms, such as the South African Human Rights Commission, the judiciary, and civil society organizations, play crucial roles in monitoring, advocating for, and enforcing these rights and principles.
The Constitutional Court, as the highest court in matters of constitutional interpretation, has a vital role in adjudicating disputes related to fundamental rights and ensuring the Constitution’s supremacy.

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, contains various provisions beyond fundamental rights and directives that relate to specific mandates, including environment, land, territories, natural resources, and indigenous peoples’ rights.

Environment, Climate, Biodiversity

Article 24 of the Constitution recognizes the right to a healthy environment and obligates the state to protect the environment for present and future generations. This includes measures to prevent pollution, promote conservation, and achieve ecologically sustainable development. The Constitution underscores the importance of balancing economic and social development with environmental protection.

Land and Territories

Article 25 enshrines the right to property, stating that no one may be deprived of property except in accordance with the law and subject to compensation. The Constitution also addresses land reform and redressing past racial discrimination in land ownership through legislative and other measures. It emphasizes equitable access to land and secure land tenure for all citizens.

Natural Resources

Article 24 reinforces the protection and sustainable use of natural resources, emphasizing the state’s responsibility to promote ecologically sustainable development while advancing economic and social goals. Legislative measures are required to ensure responsible stewardship of natural resources and equitable access to their benefits.

Indigenous Peoples’ Rights

Articles 211 and 212 recognize the institution, status, and role of traditional leadership according to customary law. Traditional authorities and customs are respected, subject to the Constitution and applicable legislation. These provisions acknowledge the cultural significance of indigenous peoples’ institutions and customs while integrating them into the broader legal framework.

Implementation and Oversight

The effective implementation of these provisions requires coordinated efforts across government departments, civil society organizations, and indigenous communities. Oversight mechanisms, such as parliamentary committees, ombudspersons, and judicial review, ensure accountability and compliance with constitutional mandates.
Civil society plays a crucial role in advocating for the protection of natural resources, promoting indigenous peoples’ rights, and holding government accountable for fulfilling its constitutional obligations.

International Obligations

South Africa’s commitments under international treaties and conventions, such as the Paris Agreement on climate change and the Convention on Biological Diversity, complement constitutional mandates related to the environment, land, and indigenous rights. These agreements guide national policies and actions to address global challenges and uphold human rights principles.

Key Concepts and Terminologies

Understanding the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, requires familiarity with key concepts and terminologies integral to its interpretation and application.

Supremacy of the Constitution

The Constitution holds the highest legal authority in South Africa, serving as the supreme law of the land. All other laws, government actions, and conduct must align with its provisions. This principle ensures that constitutional rights and obligations take precedence over conflicting statutes or policies.

Rule of Law

Central to the constitutional order is the principle of the rule of law, which mandates that all individuals, institutions, and organs of state are subject to and accountable under the law. It promotes fairness, predictability, and accountability in governance, safeguarding against arbitrary exercise of power.

Separation of Powers

The Constitution establishes distinct branches of government—the executive, legislature, and judiciary—with separate functions and powers. This separation prevents the concentration of authority in any single institution and ensures checks and balances within the governance structure.

Human Dignity

Human dignity is a foundational value enshrined in the Constitution, emphasizing the intrinsic worth and equality of all individuals. It underpins the protection of fundamental rights and informs state policies aimed at fostering social inclusion, respect, and dignity for every person.

Equality and Non-Discrimination

The Constitution promotes equality before the law and prohibits discrimination on various grounds, including race, gender, sex, pregnancy, marital status, age, disability, religion, culture, and language. It requires affirmative action measures to address historical injustices and promote substantive equality.

Freedom and Liberty

Fundamental freedoms, such as freedom of speech, expression, assembly, religion, and association, are protected under the Constitution. These liberties enable individuals to participate in public life, express diverse viewpoints, and exercise autonomy within the bounds of the law.

Ubuntu, a concept rooted in African philosophy, emphasizes interconnectedness, compassion, and mutual respect within society. The Constitution embraces principles of social justice and Ubuntu, aiming to redress historical inequalities, alleviate poverty, and promote solidarity among South Africa’s diverse communities.

Constitutionalism and Democratic Governance

Constitutionalism entails adherence to constitutional principles, norms, and procedures in governance, ensuring that public power is exercised lawfully, transparently, and accountably. Democratic governance, facilitated by regular elections, public participation, and respect for human rights, reinforces the constitutional order.

Progressive Realization of Rights

The Constitution acknowledges that certain rights, such as socio-economic rights, may require progressive realization over time, depending on available resources. This approach obligates the state to adopt measures gradually to fulfill these rights to the maximum extent possible.

Constitutional Remedies and Enforcement

Mechanisms for enforcing constitutional rights include judicial review, administrative remedies, public interest litigation, and oversight by independent institutions, such as the South African Human Rights Commission. These mechanisms ensure accountability and redress for violations of constitutional rights.

Implementation and Enforcement Mechanisms

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, establishes robust mechanisms for the implementation and enforcement of its provisions, ensuring accountability, protection of rights, and adherence to constitutional principles.

Judicial Review and Constitutional Court

The Constitutional Court serves as the apex judicial body responsible for interpreting the Constitution and adjudicating constitutional matters. It exercises the power of judicial review, ensuring that legislation, government actions, and decisions comply with constitutional norms and principles. Through its rulings, the Constitutional Court safeguards constitutional rights, resolves disputes, and clarifies legal uncertainties.

Administrative Remedies and Ombuds Institutions

Administrative remedies provide avenues for individuals to seek redress for violations of their rights by administrative bodies or officials. Ombuds institutions, such as the Public Protector and various sector-specific ombudsmen, investigate complaints of maladministration, injustice, or abuse of power within the public sector, promoting accountability and fair treatment.

Public Interest Litigation and Civil Society Advocacy

Public interest litigation, often undertaken by civil society organizations, enables individuals or groups to challenge unconstitutional laws, policies, or practices through the courts. This form of advocacy amplifies marginalized voices, advances constitutional rights, and holds authorities accountable for compliance with constitutional obligations.

Independent Oversight Bodies

Independent institutions, such as the South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC) and the Commission for Gender Equality (CGE), play crucial roles in monitoring, promoting, and protecting human rights. These bodies conduct investigations, issue reports, and advocate for policy reforms to address systemic human rights violations and promote equality.

Parliamentary Oversight and Legislation

Parliament exercises oversight over the executive and legislative branches, ensuring that government actions align with constitutional mandates. Parliamentary committees scrutinize legislation, conduct inquiries, and hold public hearings to assess compliance with constitutional principles. Parliament also enacts laws to give effect to constitutional rights and obligations, subject to constitutional review.

Constitutional Education and Awareness

Promoting constitutional literacy and awareness is vital for ensuring public understanding of rights, responsibilities, and democratic processes. Educational initiatives, civic education programs, and outreach campaigns aim to empower citizens to assert their rights, engage in democratic decision-making, and hold authorities to account.

International Human Rights Mechanisms

South Africa participates in international human rights mechanisms, such as treaty bodies and regional courts, which complement domestic enforcement efforts. International oversight provides additional avenues for individuals to seek redress for human rights violations and promotes adherence to international human rights standards.

Community Engagement and Participatory Governance

Community engagement fosters participatory governance and grassroots activism, enabling citizens to contribute to policy development, decision-making, and monitoring of service delivery. By promoting inclusive dialogue and collaboration, community engagement strengthens accountability, responsiveness, and legitimacy in governance.

Public Participation and Civic Engagement

Public participation and civic engagement are fundamental components of South Africa’s constitutional democracy, fostering inclusivity, transparency, and accountability in governance processes. This section delves into the mechanisms and initiatives aimed at promoting active citizenry and empowering communities to participate in decision-making and policy formulation:

Constitutional Mandate for Public Participation

The Constitution enshrines the principle of public participation as a cornerstone of democracy, affirming the right of citizens to participate in public affairs and decision-making processes that affect their lives. This mandate underscores the importance of inclusive governance and citizen engagement at all levels of government.

Public Consultation Processes

Government institutions and legislative bodies are mandated to conduct public consultations when formulating policies, drafting legislation, or implementing projects that impact the public. These consultations may take various forms, including town hall meetings, public hearings, stakeholder engagements, and online platforms, allowing citizens to voice their opinions, concerns, and recommendations.

Civil Society Organizations and Advocacy Groups

Civil society organizations (CSOs), including community-based organizations, advocacy groups, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), play a vital role in mobilizing communities, raising awareness about social issues, and advocating for policy reforms. These organizations serve as intermediaries between citizens and government, amplifying marginalized voices and advocating for inclusive and responsive governance.

Community-Based Participatory Research

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) empowers communities to actively engage in research initiatives addressing local concerns, priorities, and challenges. Through collaborative partnerships between researchers and community members, CBPR fosters knowledge co-creation, capacity building, and evidence-based decision-making, ensuring that policies and interventions are contextually relevant and responsive to community needs.

Online Platforms and Digital Engagement

Digital technologies offer innovative avenues for public participation and civic engagement, facilitating broader outreach, real-time communication, and information sharing. Online platforms, social media networks, and mobile applications enable citizens to participate in virtual consultations, access government services, and engage in public discourse from anywhere, enhancing democratic participation and inclusivity.

Community Development Forums and Participatory Budgeting

Community development forums (CDFs) provide grassroots platforms for community members to collaborate with local authorities, identify development priorities, and participate in decision-making processes related to service delivery and infrastructure development. Participatory budgeting initiatives empower citizens to allocate public funds, prioritize community projects, and hold authorities accountable for transparent and equitable resource allocation.

Educational Initiatives and Civic Education Programs

Educational initiatives and civic education programs play a crucial role in promoting civic awareness, democratic values, and active citizenship among diverse populations. Schools, universities, and community centers offer platforms for civic education, empowering individuals with the knowledge, skills, and values necessary to engage constructively in democratic processes and contribute to social change.

Social accountability mechanisms, such as citizen scorecards, community scoreboards, and public monitoring initiatives, empower citizens to hold government institutions and service providers accountable for their performance and delivery of public services. By tracking service delivery outcomes, reporting grievances, and demanding transparency, citizens strengthen oversight and promote responsive governance.

Impact and Significance of the Constitution

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, stands as a transformative document that has had a profound impact on the nation’s governance, society, and legal framework. Here we will explore the far-reaching implications and enduring significance of the Constitution:

Transformation of Governance

The Constitution has fundamentally transformed South Africa’s governance structure, establishing a democratic dispensation characterized by the rule of law, separation of powers, and accountability. It has facilitated the transition from apartheid-era authoritarianism to a participatory democracy founded on the principles of equality, human dignity, and social justice.

Protection of Human Rights

Central to the Constitution is its robust protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, guaranteeing equal rights and opportunities for all citizens, irrespective of race, gender, religion, or socio-economic status. The Bill of Rights enshrines a comprehensive set of civil, political, socio-economic, and environmental rights, safeguarding the inherent dignity and inherent worth of every individual.

Advancement of Equality and Non-Discrimination

The Constitution has played a pivotal role in advancing the principles of equality and non-discrimination, dismantling systemic barriers and institutionalized forms of discrimination based on race, gender, disability, and other grounds. It has paved the way for affirmative action measures, gender equality reforms, and inclusive policies aimed at redressing historical injustices and promoting social cohesion.

Judicial Independence and Constitutional Supremacy

The Constitution upholds the principles of judicial independence and constitutional supremacy, ensuring that the judiciary serves as a guardian of constitutional rights and freedoms. The Constitutional Court, as the highest court in matters of constitutional interpretation, plays a crucial role in upholding the rule of law, interpreting the Constitution, and safeguarding democratic principles.

Through its commitment to social justice and inclusive development, the Constitution seeks to address socio-economic inequalities, poverty, and marginalization, promoting equitable access to resources, opportunities, and public services. It provides a framework for progressive socio-economic rights, including the right to education, healthcare, housing, and social security, thereby fostering human development and well-being.

Empowerment of Civil Society and Citizenry

The Constitution empowers civil society organizations, advocacy groups, and grassroots movements to actively engage in democratic processes, advocate for policy reforms, and hold government accountable. It fosters a culture of civic participation, social activism, and civic responsibility, strengthening the social contract between the state and its citizens.

Legacy and Enduring Impact

As a living document, the Constitution continues to shape South Africa’s trajectory, guiding legal, political, and social developments in the pursuit of a more just, inclusive, and democratic society. Its legacy is evident in landmark court judgments, progressive legislative reforms, and grassroots initiatives aimed at advancing constitutional values and principles.

Looking Ahead

As South Africa continues its journey of democratic consolidation and nation-building, the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, stands as a cornerstone of the nation’s collective aspirations and shared values. Looking ahead, several key considerations emerge:

Safeguarding Democratic Principles

It is imperative to safeguard and uphold the democratic principles enshrined in the Constitution, including the rule of law, separation of powers, and respect for human rights. Upholding the integrity of democratic institutions, promoting transparency, and combating corruption are essential for strengthening the country’s democratic fabric.

Advancing Socio-Economic Justice

The Constitution’s commitment to socio-economic justice necessitates concerted efforts to address persistent inequalities, poverty, and socio-economic disparities. Prioritizing inclusive growth, equitable resource allocation, and targeted interventions to uplift marginalized communities are vital for advancing social justice and inclusive development.

Enhancing Access to Justice

Ensuring universal access to justice and legal services is essential for upholding the rule of law and protecting individual rights. Efforts to enhance the efficiency, accessibility, and independence of the judiciary, legal aid services, and alternative dispute resolution mechanisms can contribute to fostering a more equitable and inclusive legal system.

Promoting Constitutional Literacy

Promoting constitutional literacy and civic education is crucial for empowering citizens to understand their rights, responsibilities, and the mechanisms for democratic participation. Investing in educational initiatives, public awareness campaigns, and community outreach programs can foster a culture of constitutionalism and civic engagement from an early age.

Addressing Emerging Challenges

South Africa faces a range of complex challenges, including socio-economic inequality, unemployment, crime, and environmental degradation. Addressing these challenges requires innovative policy solutions, multi-stakeholder collaboration, and a commitment to evidence-based decision-making guided by constitutional values and principles.

Strengthening national unity, social cohesion, and reconciliation is essential for fostering a cohesive and inclusive society. Embracing diversity, promoting dialogue, and addressing historical injustices are critical for healing societal divisions and building a shared sense of belonging and solidarity among all South Africans.

Engaging in Constitutional Reform

The Constitution remains a dynamic and evolving document that may require periodic review and reform to address emerging challenges and ensure its relevance in a changing socio-political context. Any proposed constitutional amendments should be guided by principles of inclusivity, transparency, and public participation to maintain the Constitution’s legitimacy and integrity.

References and Further Reading

Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Available at: [www.publicservice.co.za]
South African Government Information. (n.d.). About the Constitution. Available at: [www.gov.za]
South African History Online. (n.d.). The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Available at: [https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996]
Davis, D. M. (2019). Constitutional Law of South Africa. Juta and Company Ltd.
Du Plessis, J., & Strydom, H. (2018). Constitutional Law. Oxford University Press Southern Africa.
Chaskalson, A., & Friedman, G. (Eds.). (2018). Constitutional Law of South Africa. LexisNexis South Africa.
Woolman, S., Bishop, M., & Brickhill, J. (Eds.). (2019). Constitutional Law of South Africa. Juta.
Claassen, J., & Gevers, M. (2018). The Constitution of South Africa from a Comparative Perspective. Springer.
Khosa, M., & Tshoose, E. (2018). The Constitution of South Africa: A Contextual Analysis. Bloomsbury Publishing.
De Vos, P. (2016). The South African Constitution: A Contextual Analysis. Bloomsbury Publishing.
South African Human Rights Commission. (n.d.). Publications. Available at: [https://www.sahrc.org.za/publications]
National Department of Justice and Constitutional Development. (n.d.). Constitution Awareness Campaign. Available at: [https://www.justice.gov.za/]